Both *trùn quế* (often referred to as “African nightcrawlers” or similar composting worms in this context) and general earthworms belong to the group of invertebrates inhabiting moist soil environments. They are capable of breaking down organic matter and contributing to the improvement of soil ecosystems. However, these terms are not entirely synonymous; each group possesses distinct living habits, dietary preferences, and roles in agricultural production.
Understanding the differences between *trùn quế* and general earthworms helps growers select the right type for processing organic waste, producing vermicompost, or improving cultivated soil.
Are *trùn quế* considered earthworms?
*Trùn quế* do belong to the earthworm family, but the term is typically used to refer to species that live primarily in the organic layer near the soil surface. They feed on processed livestock manure, decaying leaves, and decomposing organic waste.
In Vietnamese agricultural practice, the name “*trùn quế*” may be applied to several species of worms specialized in processing organic matter. Therefore, one should not rely solely on common names to precisely identify the species.
Meanwhile, “*giun đất*” (earthworm) is a general term for many species living in the soil. Some species burrow deeply, consuming soil containing organic matter and creating channels that help aerate the soil.
Simply put: *trùn quế* refers to a group of worms raised to process organic matter, whereas “*giun đất*” is a broader term encompassing many worm species that live naturally in the soil.
How to distinguish between *trùn quế* and earthworms
Habitat
*Trùn quế* tend to congregate in layers of organic manure, rotting straw, decomposing leaves, or moist surface materials. They prefer environments rich in organic food sources and do not burrow very deeply.
Wild earthworms typically inhabit various soil layers. Depending on the species, they may be active near the surface, within the cultivated soil layer, or burrow deep underground. Color and Size
*Perionyx excavatus* (often referred to as “trùn quế” or African nightcrawlers) typically range in color from reddish-brown and reddish-purple to dark brown. Their bodies are relatively small, soft, and flexible. Under favorable conditions, they can congregate at high densities.
Common earthworms are usually brown, grayish-brown, or dark gray. Many species are larger and have longer bodies than *Perionyx excavatus*. However, since color and size vary by species, age, and environmental conditions, these characteristics serve only as general indicators.
Burrowing Ability
*Perionyx excavatus* primarily moves within the loose layer of organic material on the surface; their ability to burrow deep into the soil is generally limited.
Many earthworm species are proficient burrowers. The tunnels they create facilitate the movement of air, water, and plant roots through the soil.
Food Sources
The primary diet of *Perionyx excavatus* consists of decomposing organic materials, such as:
Processed cattle manure (cow or buffalo).
Spoiled vegetables, tubers, and leaves.
Straw and decaying leaves.
Plant residues and certain agricultural by-products.
Compost in the process of decomposition.
Wild earthworms typically consume soil containing humus, microorganisms, and dispersed organic matter. Some species also pull leaves and plant debris into their burrows for food.
Reproduction Rate
Given suitable temperature, moisture, and food, *Perionyx excavatus* reproduces rapidly. This is a key reason why they are selected for commercial farming and vermicompost production.
Wild earthworms exhibit varying reproduction rates depending on the species. Deep-burrowing species are generally unsuitable for high-density rearing in bins or organic beds. Comparison Table: African Nightcrawlers (Trùn quế) vs. Wild Earthworms
Criteria African Nightcrawlers Wild Earthworms
Habitat Organic layer near the surface Various soil layers
Common colors Reddish-brown or reddish-purple Brown, gray, or dark brown
Size Typically small and soft Many species are longer and larger-bodied
Burrowing ability Limited Many species are proficient burrowers
Food source Decomposing organic matter Humus and organic matter in the soil
Reproduction rate Rapid under suitable farming conditions Varies by species
Purpose Organic waste processing, vermicompost production Improving soil structure and ecosystem
Role of African Nightcrawlers in Cultivation
Organic waste processing
African nightcrawlers can utilize various types of properly prepared organic materials. Their feeding and digestive activities help transform organic matter into a more stable form.
This allows growers to utilize livestock manure and agricultural by-products, thereby reducing the volume of waste requiring disposal.
Vermicompost production
Vermicompost (worm castings) has a fine, loose structure and contains organic matter along with beneficial microorganisms. It is commonly used to:
Add organic matter to the soil.
Mix into growing media for vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants.
Support root system development.
Improve soil moisture retention.
Reduce soil compaction.
Vermicompost should be used as a component of an overall nutrient management program, rather than viewed as a sole source of all nutrients for every type of plant.
Producing biomass for animal feed
Worm biomass has a relatively high protein content and can be studied or used as a supplementary feed source for certain livestock. However, it is essential to ensure a clean food source for the earthworms and to employ appropriate processing methods before use.
The role of earthworms in cultivated soil
Improving soil aeration
As they move, earthworms create tunnels within the soil. These tunnels improve air circulation and water permeability, and facilitate…
